Severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a risk factor for developing hypertension from prehypertension / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#There is little published evidence about the role of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the progression from prehypertension to hypertension. This study was conducted to investigate the association of NAFLD and its severity with the risk of hypertension developing from prehypertension.@*METHODS@#The study cohort comprised 25,433 participants from the Kailuan study with prehypertension at baseline; those with excessive alcohol consumption and other liver diseases were excluded. NAFLD was diagnosed by ultrasonography and stratified as mild, moderate, or severe. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression was used to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of incident hypertension according to the presence and 3 categories of severity of NAFLD.@*RESULTS@#During a median of 12.6 years of follow-up, 10,638 participants progressed to hypertension from prehypertension. After adjusting for multiple risk factors, patients with prehypertension and NAFLD had a 15% higher risk of incident hypertension than those without NAFLD (HR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.10-1.21). Moreover, the severity of NAFLD was associated with the incidence of hypertension, which was higher in patients with more severe NAFLD (HR = 1.15 [95% CI 1.10-1.21] in the mild NAFLD group; HR = 1.15 [95% CI 1.07-1.24] in the moderate NAFLD group; and HR = 1.20 [95% CI 1.03-1.41] in the severe NAFLD group). Subgroup analysis indicated that age and baseline systolic blood pressure may modify this association.@*CONCLUSIONS@#NAFLD is an independent risk factor for hypertension in patients with prehypertension. The risk of incident hypertension increases with the severity of NAFLD.

Ecocardiografia na pré-hipertensão e hipertensão estágio I / Echocardiography in pre-hypertension and hypertension stage I

Fundamento: A pré-hipertensão e a hipertensão estágio I estão associadas ao remodelamento do ventrículo esquerdo (VE). No presente estudo, comparamos os parâmetros ecocardiográficos de lesão de órgãos-alvo pré-clínicos da hiper-tensão arterial em indivíduos com pré hipertensão e hipertensão estágio I selecionados a partir da mesma população. Métodos: Comparou-se as medidas ecocardiográficas basais dos participantes incluídos no estudo PREVER com pré-hi-pertensão (PREVER-prevention; n = 106) ou hipertensão estágio I (PREVER-treatment; n = 128). Investigou-se também as diferenças relacionadas ao sexo, verificadas nos parâmetros ecocardiográficos. Resultados: A pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica média mostrou-se significativamente maior no grupo hipertensão estágio I (141,0/90,4 mmHg) quando comparada com o grupo pré-hipertensão (129,3/81,5 mmHg, P<0,001 para ambos os grupos). A média de idade foi de 55 anos (30 a 70), com um número quase igual de homens e mulheres, dos quais 80% eram brancos e 7% tinham diabetes. A maioria dos parâmetros de massa do VE, dimensão do AE e função diastólica mostrou-se semelhante entre os grupos pré-hipertensão e hipertensão estágio I. Os indivíduos hipertensos apresentavam AE com maior diâmetro e maior espessura da parede posterior, além de menores velocidades laterais e, mesmo após ajuste para idade, sexo e índice de massa corporal. A análise em relação ao sexo mostrou VE com maior massa na hipertensão estágio I em comparação à pré-hipertensão apenas em mulheres (141,1 ± 34,1 gvs. 126,1 ± 29,1 g, P<0,05). Conclusões: Em indivíduos de meia-idade com baixo risco cardiovascular, as diferenças nos parâmetros ecocardiográficos relacionadas à lesão de órgãos-alvo são sutis entre a pré-hipertensão e a hipertensão estágio I, embora mulheres com hipertensão estágio I tenham VE com massa significativamente maior, o que pode indicar resposta adaptativa específica do sexo à pressão arterial em estágios iniciais de hipertensão

Riesgo de hipertensión arterial en individuos hiperreactivos cardiovasculares / Risk of high blood pressure in hyperreactive cardiovascular individuals

Resumen Objetivo Determinar el riesgo de padecer hipertensión arterial en individuos normotensos con hiperreactividad cardiovascular, identificados mediante la ergometría isométrica. Material y métodos Se desarrolló un estudio de cohorte, de cinco años de evolución, con un total de 419 personas; de ellas, 215 normorreactivos cardiovasculares y 204 hiperreactivos cardiovasculares. Se determinó el riesgo relativo que tienen los individuos hiperreactivos cardiovasculares de ser hipertensos y el peso de la hiperreactividad cardiovascular en la aparición de hipertensión arterial; se fijó un nivel de significación estadística de p igual 0.05. Resultados La frecuencia de nuevos hipertensos en la cohorte de hiperreactivos cardiovasculares respecto a los normorreactivos cardiovasculares fue dos veces superior (RR: 2.23 IC95% 1.42;3.51). La hiperreactividad cardiovascular fue la variable de mayor influencia. Conclusiones Los individuos normotensos hiperreactivos cardiovasculares tienen mayor riesgo de hipertensión arterial que los normotensos normorreactivos cardiovasculares.

Abstract Objective To determine the risk of high blood pressure in cardiovascular hyperreactive individuals identified by the isometric hand-held weight test. Materials and methods A prospective cohort study was conducted for 5 years, including a total of 419 individuals. Of them, 215 were normoreactive and 204 hyperreactive. The relative risk of hypertension in the hyperreactive individuals and the contribution of cardiovascular hyperreactivity to the development of high blood pressure were determined. The significance level was 0.05. Results The frequency of new hypertension cases after five years was twice as high in the cohort of hyperreactive subjects compared to the cohort of normoreactive subjects (RR 2.23, 95%CI 1.42, 3.51). The cardiovascular hyperreactivity was the most important variable for predicting of the high blood pressure (OR: 2.73; 95%CI 1.59, 4.54). Conclusions Cardiovascular hyperreactive individuals have a higher risk of high blood pressure than normorreactive individuals.

Comparison of auscultatory and oscillometric BP measurements in children with obesity and their effect on the diagnosis of arterial hypertension / Comparación de la medición de PA auscultatoria y oscilométrica en niños con obesidad y su efecto en el diagnóstico de hipertensión arterial

Abstract: Objective: The level of agreement between two blood pressure (BP) reading methods, auscultatory vs oscillometric, was examined using a mercury sphygmomanometer and an electronic device in children and adolescents with different levels of obesity. The readings were compared to determine their impact on the diagnosis of pre-hypertension/hypertension. Methods: Blood pressure readings were taken in children with obesity (body mass index ≥ 95th percentile) and severe obesity (≥120% 95th percentile). Bland-Altman analysis and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient were used to determine the agreement between measurements. Results: The mercury sphygmomanometer readings were lower than those obtained with the electronic device for both systolic and diastolic BP (P = .01 and P = .001, respectively). The mean systolic and diastolic BP differences between the oscillometric vs first mercury reading were 4.2/10.2 mm Hg, respectively. A large difference was observed between the BP measurement methods. The ICC showed regular to moderate reliability for the systolic BP (.595), but poor for the diastolic BP (.330). Screening using the first of three mercury measurements showed that 10.4% of the children and adolescents had BPs within the pre-hypertension/hypertension range. This was reduced to 5.2% when the mean of three mercury readings was used. Conclusions: Large discrepancies were observed in both the systolic and diastolic BP. These differences are not clinically acceptable as to consider the two instruments interchangeable. The electronic device readings were higher, and they overestimated the diagnosis of hypertension. © 2017 Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez. Published by Masson Doyma Mèxico S.A. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Resumen: Objetivo: Para conocer el grado de concordancia entre 2 métodos de medición de presión arterial (PA), auscultatorio vs oscilométrico se utilizó un esfigmomanómetro de mercurio y un dispositivo electrónico en niños y adolescentes con diferentes grados de obesidad. Las lecturas fueron comparadas para conocer su impacto en el diagnóstico de prehipertensión/hipertensión. Método: Se midió la PA a niños con obesidad (percentil 95 del índice masa corporal) y obesidad severa (120% del percentil 95). Utilizamos análisis de Bland-Altman y Coeficiente de Correlación Intraclase (CCI) para conocer acuerdo entre mediciones. Resultados: Las lecturas con esfigmomanómetro de mercurio fueron más bajas que con el electrónico para la PA sistólica y diastólica (p = 0.01 y 0.001, respectivamente). El promedio de las diferencias en sistólica y diastólica entre oscilométrico vs. primera medición con mercurio fue de 4.2/10.2 mm Hg respectivamente. Se observó una gran diferencia de las mediciones entre los métodos de medición de PA. El CCI mostró una confiabilidad regular a moderada para la sistólica (0.595) pero pobre para la diastólica (0.330). El tamizaje con una medición mediante mercurio mostró que el 10.4% de los niños y adolescentes tenían PA en el rango de prehipertensión/hipertensión, pero se redujo a un 5.2% con el promedio de 3 mediciones. Conclusiones: Se observaron grandes discrepancias en la PA sistólica y diastólica. Tales diferencias no son clínicamente aceptables como para considerar equivalentes los 2 instrumentos. Las mediciones realizadas en este estudio con dispositivo electrónico fueron más altas y sobre estimaron el diagnóstico de hipertensión. © 2017 Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez. Publicado por Masson Doyma México S.A. Este es un artículo Open Access bajo la licencia CC BY-NC-ND (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Dépistage de la préhypertension dans la population adulte consultant dans les structures de santé de la circonscription de Bouzareah

Introduction : l'hypertension artérielle(HTA), première cause de morbi-mortalité dans le monde, est codée selon la classification internationale des maladies (CIM) par trois caractères « I10 ». Son état précurseur qui est la préhypertension (PHTA), a une prévalence mondiale d'environs 30%, et est associée à un risque cardiovasculaire (RCV) élevé . Néanmoins, son épidémiologie n'est pas encore étudiée dans notre pays. L'objectif de notre travail était de déterminer la prévalence et les facteurs déterminants de la PHTA chez les consultants en médecine générale à l'EPSP de Bouzareah, ainsi que le profil métabolique et vasculaire des patients recrutés. Patients et méthodes : Une étude descriptive de type transversal a été menée sur un échantillon de 1086 adultes âgés de 18ans et plus, non connus hypertendus, consultants les médecins généralistes de l'EPSP de Bouzareah. Ils ont bénéficié d'un dépistage de la PHTA (définie par le JNCVII comme une pression systolique entre 120-139mmhg et une pression diastolique entre 80-89 mmhg) et de l'HTA(une pression systolique ≥140 mmhg et une pression diastolique ≥90 mmhg). Les facteurs de RCV associés ont été recueillis par un questionnaire lors de la consultation. La taille, le poids et le périmètre abdominal ont été mesurés, tandis que la pression artérielle est mesurée à deux reprises avec prise en compte de la moyenne des deux. Tous les patients inclus dans l'étude ont bénéficié dans un deuxième temps d'un bilan biologique(un lipidogramme, une fonction rénale, un calcul du ratio albuminurie/créatinine, une épreuve d'hyperglycémie provoquée par voie orale), un monitoring ambulatoire de la pression artérielle et la recherche des marqueurs de risque vasculaire à savoir la vitesse de l'onde de pouls (VOP), l'épaisseur intima media carotidienne(EIM) et l'index de pression systolique à la cheville (IPS). Résultats : Nous avons identifié 399 individus en PHTA (36,7%) et 172 nouveaux hypertendus (15,8%). La prévalence de la PHTA était plus importante chez les hommes que chez les femmes(49,7 vs 31,5% ; p<10-3) ; elle était aussi plus importante dans les classes d'âge inferieures à 60ans. Les préhypertendus avaient un sex-ratio de 0,64 et un âge moyen de 42,3±13,9 ans. Les facteurs de RCV les plus prévalents chez les préhypertendus étaient la sédentarité (47,4 %), le surpoids (35.8%) et l'obésité (31,8), suivis par le tabac (19,3%), la dyslipidémie (17,3%) et le diabète (13%). Selon l'ATPIII, 6,4% des hommes et 39,1% des femmes avaient un périmètre abdominal élevé, ces chiffres augmentaient à 24,4% et 67% respectivement selon l'IDF. Ce paramètre était nettement plus important que celui mesuré chez les normotendus (85,10±10,58 cm vs 77,8±10,463cm ; p<10-6), et il en était de même pour l'indice de masse corporelle (IMC) (27,7±5,39 vs 25,5±5,249 kg/m2; p<10-6). Le score de Framingham était estimé en moyenne à 6,08±5,54, et élevé chez 16,4% des patients. Selon l'ATPIII, 25% des préhypertendus présentaient un syndrome métabolique ; cette proportion passait à 36,3% selon l'IDF. L'analyse de régression logistique a démontré que le sexe masculin, l'âge en progression, l'IMC et le périmètre abdominal étaient les principaux facteurs déterminants de la PHTA dans notre population. Nous avons par ailleurs diagnostiqué 13 nouveaux diabétiques, 52 pré diabétiques et 143 patients avec une HTA masquée. Pour les marqueurs de RCV, la VOP était élevée dans 60,5 % des cas, l'EIM dans 9,6 % des cas et l'IPS était bas chez 7,5 % des cas. A noter que 90 préhypertendus (32,1%) étaient en insuffisance rénale chronique Conclusion : Notre étude a réussi à démontrer que la PHTA, entité méconnue dans notre pays, est fréquente et grave, justifiant une surveillance systématique de la tension artérielle et une évaluation du RCV, surtout chez les sujets en surcharge pondérale. Le rôle important de la perte du poids dans la prise en charge de la PHTA nous parait plus que jamais essentiel, ainsi que le contrôle des autres

Comparison of different screening methods for blood pressure disorders in children and adolescents / Comparação entre diferentes métodos de rastreamento para distúrbios da pressão arterial em crianças e adolescentes

OBJECTIVE: To compare different methods of screening for blood pressure disorders in children and adolescents. METHOD: A database with 17,083 medical records of patients from a pediatric cardiology clinic was used. After analyzing the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 5,650 were selected. These were divided into two age groups: between 5 and 13 years and between 13 and 18 years. The blood pressure measurement was classified as normal, pre-hypertensive, or hypertensive, consistent with recent guidelines and the selected screening methods. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were then calculated according to gender and age range. RESULTS: The formulas proposed by Somu and Ardissino's table showed low sensitivity in identifying pre-hypertension in all age groups, whereas the table proposed by Kaelber showed the best results. The ratio between blood pressure and height showed low specificity in the younger age group, but showed good performance in adolescents. CONCLUSION: Screening tools used for the assessment of blood pressure disorders in children and adolescents may be useful to decrease the current rate of underdiagnosis of this condition. The table proposed by Kaelber showed the best results; however, the ratio between BP and height demonstrated specific advantages, as it does not require tables. .

OBJETIVO: Comparar diferentes métodos de rastreamento para distúrbios da pressão arterial em crianças e adolescentes. MÉTODO: Foi usado um banco de dados com 17.083 prontuários de pacientes de uma clínica de cardiologia pediátrica. Após análise dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, 5.650 foram selecionados. Esses foram divididos em duas faixas etárias: entre cinco e 13 anos e entre 13 e 18 anos De acordo com a aferição, a pressão arterial era classificada como normal, pré-hipertensiva ou hipertensiva de acordo com guidelines recentes e os métodos de rastreamento selecionados. Posteriormente, foram calculadas a sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia de cada um de acordo com o gênero e faixa etária. RESULTADOS: As fórmulas de Somu e a tabela proposta por Ardissino apresentaram baixa sensibilidade na identificação de pré-hipertensão em todas as faixas etárias, enquanto a tabela proposta por Kaelber apresentou os melhores resultados. A razão entre pressão arterial e altura apresentou baixa especificidade na faixa etária menor, mas apresentou bom desempenho em adolescentes. CONCLUSÃO: As ferramentas de rastreamento para distúrbios da pressão arterial em crianças e adolescentes podem ser úteis para diminuir o subdiagnóstico que ocorre atualmente nessa condição. A tabela proposta por Kaelber apresentou os melhores resultados, entretanto a razão entre PA e altura apresenta vantagens específicas, como a não necessidade de tabelas. .

First report on simplified diagnostic criteria for pre-hypertension and hypertension in a national sample of adolescents from the Middle East and North Africa: the CASPIAN-III study / Primeiro relatório sobre critérios de diagnóstico simplificado para pré-hipertensão e hipertensão em uma amostra nacional de adolescentes do Oriente Médio e da África do Norte: o estudo CASPIAN-III

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to simplify the diagnostic criteria of pre-hypertension (pre-HTN) and hypertension (HTN) in the pediatric age group, and to determine the accuracy of these simple indexes in a nationally-representative sample of Iranian children and adolescents. METHOD: The diagnostic accuracy of the indexes of systolic blood pressure-to-height ratio (SBPHR) and diastolic BPHR (DBPHR) to define pre-HTN and HTN was determined by the area under the curve of the receiver operator characteristic curves. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 5,738 Iranian students (2,875 females) with mean (SD) age of 14.7 (2.4) years. The prevalences of pre-HTN and HTN were 6.9% and 5.6%. The optimal thresholds for defining pre-HTN were 0.73 in males and 0.71 in females for SBPHR, and 0.47 in males and 0.45 in females for DBPHR, respectively. The corresponding figures for HTNwere 0.73, 0.71, 0.48, and 0.46, respectively. In both genders, the accuracies of SBPHR and DBPHR in diagnosing pre-HTN and HTN were approximately 80%. CONCLUSIONS: BPHR is a valid, simple, inexpensive, and accurate tool to diagnose pre-HTN and HTN in adolescents. The optimal thresholds of SBPHR and DBPHR were consistent with the corresponding figures in other populations of children and adolescents with different racial and ethnic backgrounds. Thus, it is suggested that the use of these indexes can be generalized in programs aiming to screen elevated blood pressure in the pediatric age group. .

OBJETIVO: Este estudo visa simplificar os critérios de diagnóstico da pré-hipertensão (pré-HTA) e hipertensão (HTA) na faixa etária pediátrica e determinar a precisão desses índices simple sem uma amostra nacionalmente representativa de crianças e adolescentes iranianos. MÉTODO: A precisão diagnóstica dos índices de relação pressão arterial sistólica/altura (RPASA) e RPAA diastólica (RPADA) para definir a pré-HTA e HTA foi determinada pela área sob as curvas de características de operação do receptor. RESULTADOS: A população estudada contou com 5738 alunos iranianos (2875 meninas) com idade média (DP) de 14,7 (2,4) anos. A prevalência de pré-HTA e HTA foi 6,9% e 5,6%. Os limites ideais para a definição de pré-HTA foram 0,73 em meninos e 0,71 em meninas com relação à RPASA e 0,47 em meninos e 0,45 em meninas com relação à RPADA, respectivamente. Os valores correspondentes com relação à HTA foram 0,73, 0,71, 0,48 e 0,46, respectivamente. Em ambos os gêneros, a precisão de RPASA e RPADA no diagnóstico de pré-HTA e HTA foi de aproximadamente 80%. CONCLUSÕES: A RPAA é uma ferramenta válida, simples, barata e precisa no diagnóstico da pré-HTA e HTA em adolescentes. Os limites ideais de RPASA e RPADA foram compatíveis comos números correspondentes em outra população de crianças e adolescentes com diferentes históricos raciais e étnicos, assim, sugerimos que a utilização desses índices possa ser generalizada em programas de triagem com relação à PA elevada na faixa etária pediátrica. .

Clinical Significance of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease as a Risk Factor for Prehypertension

Previous epidemiologic studies have shown the clinical association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, there is only limited information about the effect of NAFLD on the development of hypertension. Accordingly, we investigated the clinical association between NAFLD and prehypertension. A prospective cohort study was conducted on the 11,350 Korean men without prehypertension for 5 yr. The incidences of prehypertension were evaluated, and Cox proportional hazard model was used to measure the hazard ratios (HRs) for the development of prehypertension according to the degree of NAFLD (normal, mild, moderate to severe). The incidence of prehypertension increased according to NAFLD states (normal: 55.5%, mild: 63.7%, moderate to severe: 70.3%, P<0.001). Even after adjusting for multiple covariates, the HRs (95% confidence interval) for prehypertension were higher in the mild group (1.18; 1.07-1.31) and moderate to severe group (1.62; 1.21-2.17), compared to normal group, respectively (P for trend <0.001). The development of prehypertension is more potentially associated with the more progressive NAFLD than normal and milder state. These findings suggest the clinical significance of NAFLD as one of risk factors for prehypertension.

Predicción de la evolución hacia la hipertensión arterial en la adultez desde la adolescencia / Toward the prediction of arterial hypertension in adulthood from adolescence

Introducción: las recomendaciones de la Sociedad Europea de Hipertensión Arterial (HTA) bajo la supervisión de la Sociedad Europea de Cardiología para el tratamiento de la HTA en niños y adolescentes reconocen que la HTA en la edad pediátrica es un problema médico que ha ido incrementándose con repercusiones negativas presentes y futuras. Del mismo modo hacen referencia a la ausencia de estrategias o políticas de salud organizadas que enfrenten eficazmente la enfermedad en este ámbito. No se conoce a ciencia cierta, debido a la escasez de estudios de seguimiento desde la adolescencia hacia la adultez, cuando podría ocurrir la conversión del riesgo en enfermedad en determinado adolescente con factores de riesgo en su etapa de transición hacia la adultez. Objetivos: diseñar un modelo predictivo para el vaticinio de hipertensión arterial en la adultez desde la adolescencia. Material y métodos: se realizó estudio longitudinal mediante el seguimiento de una muestra representativa de 125 adolescentes pertenecientes al proyecto PESESCAD-HTA con diagnóstico de prehipertensión en el año 2001 que fueron seguidos por 8 años (96 meses) hasta el 2009. Se realizó la determinación de un modelo predictivo mediante un árbol de decisiones utilizando la técnica de CHAID (chi square automatic interaction detector) con la respectiva evaluación de clasificadores mediante áreas bajo la curva ROC (receiver operating characteristic). Resultados: se obtuvo un árbol de decisiones que fue capaz de clasificar acertadamente al 80 por ciento de los casos. Con dicho modelo se obtuvo un 67.4 por ciento de verdaderos negativos y 86.6 por ciento de verdaderos positivos. Conclusiones: la edad del diagnóstico de la prehipertensión, el peso al nacer, la presencia de obesidad familiar y el ambiente familiar desfavorable fueron las situaciones, que en su interacción desde la adolescencia y hasta la adultez, presentaron mayor fuerza para dicha conversión. El modelo de predicción diseñado constituye un aporte instrumental para el vaticinio de la HTA en la adultez desde la adolescencia(AU)

Introduction: the Hypertension European Society Recommendations under the supervision of The European Cardiology Society for the treatment of high blood pressure (HBP) in children and adolescents recognize that HBP in the pediatric age is an increasing medical problem with current and future negative repercussions. In addition they refer to the lack of strategies or organized health policies dealing with the problem. It is unknown due to the scantiness of following studies from adolescence to adulthood when is possible the conversion from the risk to the disease. Objectives: to determine the interactions among several risk factors in the developing of HBP from adolescence to adulthood. To design a predictive model in order to predict the developing of HBP from adolescence to adult hood. Material and methods: a representative sample of 125 prehypertensive adolescents were followed up through 8 years till year 2009. A predictive model based in a decision tree was done using the CHAID (chi square automatic interaction) technique with the evaluation by areas under the ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve. Results: a decision tree was designed that was able to classify accurately 80 percent of the cases. With this model 67.4 percent and 86.6 percent of true negative cases and true positive cases, respectfully. Conclusions: the age of the diagnosis of the prehypertension, the birth weight, the familiar obesity and the unfavorable familiar environment were the situations that had the strongest interaction among them in the timing from adolescence to adulthood. The prediction model is an instrumental contribution for predicting HBP in adulthood from adolescence(AU)